Critical Inquiry Exam 1 Practice

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• Triangulation forms in qualitative research include which two forms?
• Which of the following illustrates the use of three Boolean operators and three search modifiers in an example search?
• Which study type is representative of Level I evidence?
• What does publication bias do to published literature?
• What is triangulation in mixed-methods research, and why is it valuable?
• How does a 95% confidence interval relate to P-values when interpreting results?
• Clinical reasoning focus is on?
• Define data saturation in qualitative research and explain how it guides sampling.
• The goal of an evidence-based physical therapist is to:
• Which of the following is NOT listed as a barrier to evidence-based practice in physical therapy?
• In critical appraisal, which statement best describes validity threats?
• What term describes the process of combining findings from several studies to identify overall trends?
• Which statement best describes Patient-Centered Care according to the Institute of Medicine?
• In the hierarchy of evidence, biological plausibility is supported by foundational sciences such as physiology, biomechanics, and motor control. Which area do these foundational sciences primarily belong to?
• Which scenario most challenges external validity?
• Which statement correctly distinguishes reliability and validity?
• Which statement about confidence intervals is true?
• Which statement correctly captures a fundamental principle of evidence-based practice regarding sufficiency of evidence?
• In meta-analysis, what do fixed-effect and random-effects models assume, and when would you prefer a random-effects model?
• Data saturation is reached when no new themes emerge. How do researchers determine it?
• Which statement best defines internal validity in a study?
• Explain the role of blinding in reducing bias and name at least two groups that are commonly blinded.
• What is the purpose of CASP checklists, and provide an example item from a CASP tool for randomized trials.
• What are the three elements of the ICF model?
• In a case-control study, what does an odds ratio greater than 1 indicate?
• What term describes the integration of the best available evidence with clinical expertise and patient values?
• What is Step 5 in the EBP process?
• Identify the three Belmont Report principles and their application.
• Clinical Reasoning Point of View: what is the focus on?
• Which study design is least susceptible to recall bias?
• Which statement correctly defines sensitivity and specificity?
• What is the problem with publication bias?
• Trustworthiness in qualitative research includes credibility and dependability; which pair is a common criterion?
• Which statement best differentiates grey literature from traditional published literature in research reviews?
• Which sequence correctly describes the typical steps in qualitative data analysis from data collection to theme development?
• CONSORT guidelines pertain to which type of studies?
• What is regression to the mean?
• Recall bias and information bias can distort findings because:
• What is Step 4 in the EBP process?
• What does 'patient evidence' refer to?
• Which of the following are common threats to internal validity in experimental studies?
• Appraisal in evidence-based practice refers to which process?
• Outline the typical steps in thematic analysis for qualitative data.
• Self-determination in health care is defined as:
• Which qualitative tradition is primarily concerned with describing the lived experiences of participants?
• What best describes the difference between background and foreground questions?
• Straus’ revised EBP definition describes:
• Which statement captures a fundamental principle of evidence-based practice about guiding clinical decision-making?
• What is the correct formula for the number needed to treat (NNT) in most clinical contexts?
• Which statement best differentiates research evidence, patient evidence, and clinical expert evidence?
• Which statement about confidence intervals is correct?
• What is between-study heterogeneity in meta-analysis, and what does the I^2 statistic represent?
• One of the nine principles for the physical therapist code of ethics is:
• Which statement about predictive values and prevalence is true?
• Which statement best describes why research integrity is critical and what constitutes common misconduct?
• In evidence-based practice, patient values influence decisions by:
• What elements constitute informed consent in research participation?
• What is the primary purpose of triangulation in qualitative research?
• In clinical reasoning, data and evidence should be evaluated on which criteria?
• Shared Decision-Making is best described as:
• Why does correlation not imply causation, and what criterion helps address this issue?
• Which concept best illustrates a Bradford Hill criterion related to exposure levels?
• What are key components of a rigorous literature search strategy and why are inclusion/exclusion criteria essential?
• Define confounding and name a method to control for it in analysis.
• Which statement best describes the role of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) in research involving human subjects?
• What is selection bias in study design?
• Values are defined as:
• Which of the following is a common limitation of surveys?
• Which statement about bias is true?
• Which of the following is a strategy to improve generalizability of clinical research findings?
• In the typical hierarchy of evidence, Level II is represented by which study design?
• In research, what term best describes a resource that collects large volumes of research articles for searching?
• Which statement best contrasts a systematic review with a narrative review?
• How do likelihood ratios help in updating pretest probability to post-test probability?
• Which statement is typically most intuitive for patients when communicating treatment effects?
• Which statement best describes patient-centered care?
• Which principle requires harm to be avoided (minimize possible harms)?
• Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are best defined as:
• What does the PICO framework stand for, and how is it used in formulating clinical questions?
• What is the purpose of systematic reviews?
• What stages are documented in the PRISMA flow diagram?
• In the hierarchy of evidence, which type is most likely to be biased?
• Which concept describes how study results can be systematically distorted by flaws in design, execution, or analysis?
• Which resource typically provides graded recommendations for medical practice based on a body of research?
• Which statement best describes a meta-analysis?
• Thematic Analysis involves identifying patterns in data. What are the typical data sources?
• Which source provides formal recommendations for clinical practice based on evidence?
• Which statement describes the Implications/Consequences aspect?
• Which elements describe efficient systematic search strategies, including Boolean operators, truncation, and phrasing? Provide an example search string.
• Which are elements of clinical reasoning?
• Diffusion in internal validity threats occurs when
• Which statement best describes clinical expertise?
• In which study design is the odds ratio most commonly used?
• Which statement best defines a foreground question?
• Which phenomenon describes systematic differences between groups due to how participants are selected?
• How are the three evidence sources used in practice?
• Which statement best describes descriptive statistics?
• When is a paired t-test appropriate, and what is a key assumption?
• Which overall set of tests and their typical data types is correct?
• What should you assess when critically appraising research evidence for applicability?
• Compare simple random sampling and stratified sampling in terms of representativeness and when stratification is useful.
• What is the highest form of evidence from a single study?
• Which of the following represents a major internal validity threat that randomization helps mitigate?
• What is the role of major and minor premises in a syllogistic argument?
• Name three core components you would assess in a critical appraisal of a research article.
• Dr. Cox’s favorite definition of EBP emphasizes:
• Which statement best defines the post hoc fallacy?
• What does external validity concern in a study?
• Preferences are defined as:
• Which option best defines sensitivity and specificity?
• What does 'clinical expert evidence' encompass?
• Which statement describes the relationship between power and Type II error?
• What is Step 1 in the EBP process?
• Which statement best defines background questions?
• What is Step 2 in the EBP process?
• What are the main assumptions of parametric tests such as t-tests and linear regression, and what are common remedies when those assumptions are violated?
• What is Step 3 in the EBP process?
• Clinical Reasoning Assumptions: what is the focus on?
• What is the purpose of evidence-based practice?
• What is allocation concealment in randomized trials, and how does it differ from blinding?
• When results are statistically significant but show a small effect size, researchers should:
• Which type sits at the top of the EBP hierarchy?
• What does the synthesis step in qualitative analysis entail?
• Does evidence-based practice require considering patient preferences and clinician judgment along with evidence?
• Grounded Theory emphasizes theory development through iterative data collection and analysis. Which data collection method is typical?
• In a systematic review protocol, which activities are typically predefined before reviewing studies?
• Which pairing of data type and example is correct?
• COREQ guidelines are used for reporting what kind of research?
• Which statement best describes the difference between systematic reviews and narrative reviews?
• External validity refers to what aspect of study results?
• What are the components of the PICO format for clinical questions?
• What are the core ethical principles underpinning human subjects research?
• What is the primary purpose of Kaplan-Meier curves in survival analysis?
• What considerations govern ethical data sharing, and what is de-identification?
• Why is randomization central to causal inference, and what is a simple randomization method?
• How do hypothesis testing and estimation differ in statistical inference?
• Two factors influence external validity; which option correctly describes external validity?
• Which of the following is NOT typically considered a trustworthiness criterion in qualitative research?
• De-identification in data sharing primarily aims to.
• The log-rank test is used to:
• How does replication across different settings affect external validity?
• Which source aggregates findings from many studies to guide practice?
• Which option best defines bias?
• How should 'current best evidence' be used in clinical decision-making?
• Which statistic accounts for time-to-event data in survival analysis?
• What practice helps prevent p-hacking in hypothesis testing?
• What is measurement invariance and why is it important when comparing groups?
• Which data collection method is typical for phenomenology?
• Which qualitative tradition aims to develop theory from data through constant comparison?
• Which criteria are commonly used to determine authorship in research reporting?
• How do researchers translate evidence into practice, and what factors influence implementation?
• What is typically the first step in thematic analysis?
• All clinical reasoning contains _________ or interpretations by which we draw __________ and give meaning to the data.
• Which statement correctly describes clinical practice guidelines?
• What is multiple imputation, and why is it often preferred to complete-case analysis?
• Distinguish reproducibility from replication and explain why both are important.
• Which of the following reflects the typical hierarchy of evidence from highest to lowest, with an example of a representative study type for Level I?
• Distinguish confounding from mediation and identify a strategy to address confounding in analysis.
• What is p-hacking, and how can prespecifying analysis plans mitigate it?
• Which data type has a true zero and allows multiplicative comparisons?
• What distinguishes evidence obtained in a laboratory setting from evidence gathered in clinical research?
• Which element is integrated in Step 4 of EBP?
• Clinical Reasoning Implications/Consequences: what is the focus on?
• Which of the following is NOT a core component of evidence-based practice according to Straus?
• Why must researchers handle vulnerable populations with extra protections, and what is an example of such protection?
• True or False: Evidence-based medicine replaces clinical expertise.
• Which statement best describes the interpretation of P-values and a 95% confidence interval (CI) when the CI includes the null value?
• Which pair correctly identifies two limitations of observational studies relative to randomized trials?
• Which statement about accountability in authorship criteria is correct?
• What is statistical power?
• Why are subgroup analyses at risk of spurious findings, and how can you mitigate this risk?
• What best describes a syllogistic argument?
• What distinguishes a meta-analysis from a systematic review?
• Which statement correctly identifies instrumentation as a threat to validity?
• Recall bias occurs when participants misremember past exposures or outcomes; it is particularly problematic in which study design?
• How does a randomized controlled trial compare to a cohort study in terms of bias risk and causal inference?
• What is the primary purpose of a power analysis in study design?
• The three sources of evidence in EBP are:
• Clinical Reasoning Concepts/Theories: The focus is on which categories?
• Which assumption is associated with linearity in regression analysis?
• Which principle requires PTs to act in the patient's best interests, maximizing benefits?
• Which statement best describes common barriers to translating evidence into practice and two strategies to facilitate evidence-based implementation?
• Clinical reasoning Question/Problem focuses on?
• Which statement best describes descriptive statistics?
• Which statement best contrasts fixed-effects and random-effects models in meta-analysis and when each is appropriate?
• Grey literature is important in systematic reviews because:
• In qualitative research, what purpose does credibility serve in evaluating themes?
• Bias in research refers to:
• Systematic reviews are best described as:
• What practice helps mitigate false positives in subgroup analyses?
• Name two criteria used to establish trustworthiness in qualitative research.
• Differentiate Type I and Type II errors in hypothesis testing.
• One strength and one limitation of using surveys as a data collection method.
• Informed, shared decision making implies what?
• What practices help avoid misinterpretation when interpreting data visualizations?
• Which statement is a key strength of randomized controlled trials?
• Which statement best describes evidence in evidence-based practice?
• Which step involves evaluating the outcome of your EBP efforts and learning from the results?
• Which of the following is NOT among the nine principles for the physical therapist code of ethics?
• Which element in PICOT distinguishes it from PICO, and what is its purpose?
• Which of the following best describes a funnel plot in meta-analysis?
• What is Bayes' theorem used for in updating disease probability after a test result?
• Which disciplines are included in the foundational sciences referenced for biological plausibility?
• Evidence-based medicine is best described as
• What does external validity refer to, and what design considerations enhance it?
• Expectancies are defined as:
• Which practice helps mitigate the impact of high dropout in a randomized trial on internal validity?
• Why is temporality essential in establishing causation, and how might cross-sectional studies fall short?
• Name two Bradford Hill criteria for establishing causation in epidemiology.
• What are positive and negative likelihood ratios, and how do they help update probability?
• What is a core reason systematic reviews reduce bias compared to narrative reviews?
• External validity refers to:
• What does PICO stand for in clinical research question formulation?
• Which option correctly pairs a common study design with its key strength or limitation?
• What term describes beliefs considered true without proof in clinical reasoning?
• In the hierarchy of evidence, which type is least likely to be biased?
• What is the primary aim of a risk-benefit assessment in research involving human participants?
• Which statement best describes the role of clinical expertise in EBP as defined by Straus?
• Which of the following best describes a database in research terms?
• In qualitative data analysis, what is memoing used for?
• How does PICOT differ from PICO, and when is the time component essential?
• How is evidence defined in evidence-based practice?
• In research, what is the primary function of a database?
• In PICO questions, which component is optional?
• Which sampling method best ensures representation of subgroups and improves precision?
• STROBE guidelines pertain to which type of studies?
• Which statement best describes the purpose of measures of central tendency and dispersion in descriptive statistics?
• Which term defines an individual's right to make decisions about their own health care?
• Which statement best describes null and alternative hypotheses and the role of the null in hypothesis testing?
• What does AUC-ROC measure in diagnostic test evaluation?
• In a hypothetical randomized controlled trial with several biases (lack of allocation concealment, no blinding, and high dropout) identify at least three biases and their likely impact on results and interpretation.
• What does evidence-based medicine integrate?
• What is publication bias, and how can systematic reviews mitigate its impact?
• Which statement describes the five steps of the EBP process in order?
• What is an example of qualitative versus quantitative evidence, and when is each appropriate?
• Clinical Reasoning Concepts/Theories: what is the focus on?
• Which statement best captures the purpose of the PRISMA flow diagram in systematic reviews?
• Which statement correctly describes the relation of odds ratio to relative risk when the outcome is rare?
• Which statement about blinding is true?
• What is the purpose of pre-registering a study protocol, and what should it include?