How do hypothesis testing and estimation differ in statistical inference?

How do hypothesis testing and estimation differ in statistical inference?

• A. Hypothesis testing estimates the size of effects; estimation tests for equality.
• B. Hypothesis testing measures parameters; estimation uses p-values.
• C. Hypothesis testing evaluates whether an effect exists (null hypothesis); estimation focuses on measuring the size of the effect with confidence intervals.
• D. Hypothesis testing and estimation are the same; both produce significance codes.

Answer: (C)